Синонимические ряды/группы менее частотных слов

[VictorB]

Слово retaliation - встретилось в новостях в связи с ситуацией на Ближнем Востоке и как-то подумалось, почему из нескольких синонимичных слов выбрано именно оно. Почему не revenge, не vengeance, а главное почему не retribution?

Обратился к самому доступному и скорому с ответом, и потому любимому на данном этапе знакомства с английским ресурсу - Боту, и вот - если кому вдруг интересно:

While these words—retaliation, revenge, vengeance, and retribution—have similar meanings related to seeking retribution or punishment for perceived wrongdoing, there are nuanced distinctions between them:

1.Retaliation: Retaliation refers to the act of responding to an attack, injury, or harm with a similar or proportional action. It often implies a defensive response or seeking justice after being wronged. It can also connote a desire to establish a deterrent or prevent further harm. Collocates: swift retaliation, retaliatory action, retaliatory measures.

2.Revenge: Revenge involves inflicting harm, injury, or suffering upon someone as an act of retaliation or retribution for a perceived injustice or wrongdoing. It often carries a strong sense of personal vindictiveness and is driven by a desire for personal satisfaction. Collocates: seek revenge, seek revenge for, take revenge, exact revenge.

3.Vengeance: Vengeance shares similarities with revenge, involving inflicting harm or punishment on someone as a response to a perceived wrongdoing. However, vengeance tends to carry a stronger emotional intensity and a more single-minded pursuit of retribution. It often suggests a desire for justice or retribution on behalf of oneself or others. Collocates: seek vengeance, wreak vengeance, vengeance upon someone.

4.Retribution: Retribution refers to the act of imposing punishment or seeking justice for an offense or wrongdoing. It often implies that the punishment is deserved and proportional to the offense. Retribution can be a broader concept, encompassing various forms of punishment or corrective action. Collocates: seek retribution, demand retribution, just retribution, fitting retribution.

While these words are often used interchangeably in general conversation, their specific nuances and connotations differentiate them. Retaliation emphasizes a response to an action, revenge emphasizes personal vindictiveness, vengeance carries an emotional intensity, and retribution emphasizes just punishment.

То же самое со вторым рядом, в данный момент заинтересовавшим меня - impetuous - hasty - headlong - precipitate

While these adjectives, "impetuous," "hasty," "headlong," and "precipitate," share similarities in describing actions or decisions that are quick or rushed, there are subtle differences in their meanings:

1.Impetuous: Impetuous implies acting or speaking hastily without forethought, often driven by passion, emotions, or impulse. It suggests a lack of caution or consideration for consequences.

2.Hasty: Hasty refers to acting or deciding without taking enough time for careful thought or planning. It implies a sense of urgency or a desire to expedite the process, but it may still involve some level of consideration.

3.Headlong: Headlong describes an action or movement that is reckless, uncontrolled, and done without regard to the consequences. It implies plunging forward or rushing headfirst without caution or deliberation.

4.Precipitate: Precipitate suggests acting or proceeding suddenly or unexpectedly, often without giving sufficient time for proper consideration or assessment of the situation. It can imply a sense of impulsiveness or rashness.

While all of these adjectives share the idea of quickness or lack of thoughtfulness, "impetuous" often connotes impulsiveness caused by strong emotions, "hasty" indicates a lack of careful consideration or planning, "headlong" emphasizes a reckless and uncontrolled approach, and "precipitate" implies an abrupt and impulsive action without adequate preparation or thought.

Предполагаю, по мере возникновения в том необходимости, продолжить этот список и приглашаю тех, кому эта тема интересна, принять участие в его (списка) наполнении рядами/группами синонимов, из которых (например, при переводе с русского или письма на английском) предполагается выбирать наиболее точный для того или иного контекста.

Кстати, и теперь непонятно почему retaliation, а не retribution - наверное дело как в скорости прилёта "ответки", так и в узкой избирательности выбора средств для неё ))

[Kind_Punk]

Почему не revenge

Кстати да, вот это интересная тема ) даже не revenge/avenge )

Предполагаю, что это официальный устоявшийся эвфемизм для ответного беспредела )

почему retaliation, а не retribution

Для меня второе звучит описательно и пафосно, так что ли сказать ) "A righteous infliction of retribution manifested by an appropriate agent", да )

[Johan]

Слово retaliation - [...] почему [...] оно. Почему не revenge, не vengeance, а главное почему не retribution?

Revenge — мелочно для межнациональных отношений, более применимо к индивидуальной злопамятности, hate, anger, spite. Vengeance — оттенок клятвы, ответа библейских пропорций, to swear vengeance, with a vengeance, violence. Retribution — кармическое возмездие/наказание, divine retribution, judgement, justice. Retaliation — эмоционально не окрашенный ответ на действия другого актора, теоретико-игровойо, чтобы неповадно было, без примеси hate / anger, подходит для межнациональных отношений.

[FPlay]

есть такой словарь

Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms With Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words

солидный словарь, хотя и не шибко популярный. он как раз и посвящен синонимическим рядам и нюансам употребления синонимов.

на его основе в советском союзе издали Англо-русский синонимический словарь, М.: Русский язык,1979. - 544 с.

[Easy-Breezy English]

теперь непонятно почему retaliation, а не retribution

Попробуйте смотреть коллокации. Помогает прочувствовать коннотации, которые не всегда и объяснить-то можно.

Retaliation


Retribution


Сразу заметно, что retaliation чаще используется в контексте политических конфликтов.

[VictorB]

на его основе в советском союзе издали Англо-русский синонимический словарь, М.: Русский язык,1979. - 544 с.

Если это вот это, так это - словарь Апресяна

и он есть у меня, и то что там есть (малая толика), сюда я постить не буду.
Thanks enormously :-)

[VictorB]

Retaliation — эмоционально не окрашенный ответ на действия другого актора, теоретико-игровойо, чтобы неповадно было, без примеси hate / anger, подходит для межнациональных отношений.

Thanks ever so much - it's been taken note of.
Johan, again, your sustained attention to my posts is highly appreciated :-)

[VictorB]

Попробуйте смотреть коллокации. Помогает прочувствовать коннотации, которые не всегда и объяснить-то можно.

Совет хороший, да, но как это мне сделать, как? Наверное Вы подзабыли где я, самоучка, и где те коннотации. ))

[VictorB]

без примеси hate / anger, подходит для межнациональных отношений

ROFL! )))

[Easy-Breezy English]

Совет хороший, да, но как это мне сделать, как?

• Заходите сюда и регистрируетесь.

• Впечатываете искомое слово в поле поиска.

• Тыкаете крестик сверху.

• Появляются еще опции, откуда выбираете Collocates.

• Отмечаете, сколько слов будете брать справа и слева. Например, по четыре.

• Тыкаете Find collocates и вуаля.

Если в табличке с результатами кликнуть по колонке, где нарисован лист бумаги, выскочат источники — куски текста, откуда взяли коллокации. Очень полезно смотреть, чтобы лучше контекст понять.

[VictorB]

есть такой словарь

Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms With Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words

Совсем не проблема взять себе и этот словарь,

но поди разберись с ним быстрее чем с ботом )))
Хотя, все завтра. Еще раз спасибо )

[VictorB]

Заходите сюда и регистрируетесь.

Большущее спасибище - вот завтра просплюсь и пойду регистрироваться ))
On a serious note - thanks tremendously: In the cool light of the morning I'll do it the first thing after the second cup of coffee, I swear) Again, many thanks for the tip :-)

[VictorB]

Если в табличке с результатами кликнуть по колонке, где нарисован лист бумаги, выскочат источники — куски текста, откуда взяли коллокации.

А ведь уже спать было пошел... Не, это надо конкретно разбираться с этим ресурсом. Пока - только раздражение из-за недостаточного понимания его практической применимости. Походу не дорос еще... Но вопрос свой не из пальца высосал ))

[Easy-Breezy English]

Походу не дорос еще...

Если доросли до продвинутых вопросов, до росли и до продвинутых ресурсов. ) Для работы с близкими по смыслу словами корпуса были золотым стандартом. Подозреваю, что сейчас что-то с AI появилось или должно появиться, но мои руки туда еще не дошли.

Попробуйте на свежую голову почитать вкладку Overview. Там про то, как пользоваться. Есть еще вариант в PDF или вот еще такой, но много букофф и запутанно. Либо есть видео English-Corpora.org: teaching and learning English.

[VictorB]

Либо есть видео English-Corpora.org: teaching and learning English.

This might seem to be it. А на свежую голову я готов читать все, что Вы, Easy-Breezy English, скажете. Уверен, что польза от этого точно будет.
И снова, мои безмерные благодарности, благодарности - и без шуток!- ну кто же еще, как не Вы, а ?! :-) Буду работать над собой, и стараться расти в Ваших глазах, так? ))

[Kind_Punk]

его практической применимости.

Для перевода на английский. Периодически бывает, что непонятно, какой синоним использовать именно в плане сочетаемости.

Например, что делают с fraud? Inflict, commit, do, make, etc? )

[VictorB]

Например, что делают с fraud? Inflict, commit, do, make, etc?

Так это про коллокации - другая опера. Моя же, если взять тот же fraud - про синонимический ряд схожих по намерениям деяний, например, fraud - fraudulence - scam - hoax - dupery - spoof, который (ряд) в случае необходимости может быть значительно расширен - все зависит от того, какую задачу я поставлю своему безотказному и скорому на ответ помощнику:

Fraud: It generally refers to any deliberate act of deception or dishonesty, typically for personal gain or to deceive others. It can involve financial transactions, misrepresentation, or false claims.

Fraudulence: This noun form of "fraud" simply emphasizes the quality or state of being fraudulent. It embodies the essence of deceit, trickery, and dishonesty.

Scam: A scam is a dishonest scheme or fraudulent operation designed to deceive someone, often to obtain money or valuables from them. Scams can take various forms, such as online phishing, pyramid schemes, or fake lottery winnings.

Hoax: A hoax involves creating a deliberate falsehood or deception, typically intended to fool or mislead others for amusement or malicious purposes. It can include spreading fake rumors, creating false evidence, or staging events that are completely fabricated.

Dupery: Dupery refers to the act of deceiving or tricking someone. It implies cunning and deceitfulness, often involving a level of sophistication or clever manipulation to exploit others.

Spoof: Similar to a hoax, "spoof" refers to creating a falsified or deceptive version of something or mimicking it in a comical or satirical way. It can occur in various forms, such as spoof emails, websites, or imitations of famous personalities.

Some other synonyms for "fraud" include deception, swindle, deceit, trickery, deceitfulness, charlatanry, and chicanery.

А вот как отобрать нужное для конкретного контекста - про это можно, как я понял, узнать на ресурсе, которым минувшей ночью так любезно поделилась Easy-Breezy English, и который мне еще предстоит по-взрослому освоить :-)

[VictorB]

есть такой словарь
Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms With Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words

Совсем не проблема взять себе и этот словарь,

но поди разберись с ним быстрее чем с ботом )))
Хотя, все завтра.

FPlay, нашел нормальный pdf, с чётким текстом и навигацией по первым буквам - действительно хороший, большой (900 страниц, каждая в два столбца), с примерами из классики: всё как вы описали. И еще раз спасибо - буду активно юзать :)

[VictorB]

estimate - appraise - evaluate - value - rate - assess - assay

They are all comparable when meaning to judge a thing with respect to its worth.

Estimate usually implies a personal and sometimes a reasoned judgment which, whether considered or casual, is by the nature of the case neither thoroughly objective nor definitive:

— we have first to estimate their effects upon complicated social conditions (largely a matter of guesswork)

— small and manageable numbers of birds must be counted precisely; huge flocks can only be estimated

— to estimate the Frenchwoman's moral nature with any approach to adequacy it is necessary ... to avoid viewing her from an Anglo-Saxon standpoint

— to estimate the Frenchwoman's moral nature with any approach to adequacy it is necessary ... to avoid viewing her from an Anglo-Saxon standpoint

Appraise implies the intent to fix definitely and in the capacity of an expert the monetary worth of the thing in question usually in terms of the price it ought to bring in the market if sold, or in case of its loss (as by fire or theft) the monetary compensation due its owner from an insuring company (appraise the decedent's real estate) (appraise a fire loss)

In extended use appraise, in contrast to estimate, implies an intent to give a final, an accurate, or an expert judgment of a thing's worth; estimate, therefore, is often preferred by persons
speaking of their own judgments because appraise seems presumptuous or pretentious

— it is not my business to appraise. Appraisements imply censures and it is not one writer's business to censure others

— this difficulty of appraising literature absolutely inheres in your study of it from the beginning

The participial adjective appraising is often used to qualify eye, glance, look; it then suggests close, critical inspection or scrutiny:

— addressing him with a watchful appraising stare of his prominent black eyes

— the monumental and encyclopedic critic is to be regarded with a carefully appraising eye

Evaluate, like appraise, suggests an intent to arrive at a mathematically correct judgment; it seldom suggests, however, an attempt to determine a thing's monetary worth, but rather to find its equivalent in other and more familiar terms:

—a teacher evaluates a student's work by marks in numbers or in letters

—many persons find it impossible to evaluate a work of art except in terms of morals

Value (see also APPRECIATE 2) comes very close to appraise in that it also implies an intent to determine or fix the market price but differs from appraise in that it carries no implication of an authoritative or expert judgment and must depend on the context to make that point if it is essential:

—the appraiser valued at $ 10,000 condemned property which had already been valued by the owner at $15,000 and by the city at $8000

—experts were called in to appraise the gems which the alleged smuggler had valued at $1000

In extended use and in reference to things not marketable, value is often found with a negative or with a restrictive word such as only:

—he values success only as a stepping-stone

—who values his own honor not a straw

—valued himself on his tolerance of heresy in great thinkers

Rate often adds to estimate the implication of fixing in a scale of values:

— rate one profession above another in usefulness

— rate one person's qualifications as superior to another's

— we English are capable of rating him far more correctly if we knew him better

Assess implies valuing for the sake of determining the tax to be levied; in extended use it implies a determining of the exact value or extent of a thing prior to judging it or to using it as the round for a decision:

— the task of defining that influence or of exactly assessing its amount is one of extraordinary difficulty

— assess the many elements upon which Rome's future depended

Assay basically implies chemical analysis for the sake of determining a substance's (usually a metal's) quality, quantity, or value; in extended use it implies a critical analysis for the sake of measuring, weighing, and appraising:

—to assay ... changes which the great reformers within and without the Catholic Church accomplished

The source: Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms..., 1981

Если кому есть что добавить, уточнить, исправить - прошу сделать это :-)

[VictorB]

Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms With Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words

Имеется и соответствующая программа для PC
www.merriam-webstercollegiate.com
Вот так выглядит

Объяснения, по сравнению со словарем, конечно по-короче, но и функций разных много, и синонимичные ряды - только одна из них.

[FPlay]

VictorB,
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., который на скрине, один из лучших (если не самый лучший) неучебных монолинвальных словарей, но он представляет собой компромисс между объемом и содержанием.

в этой оболочке есть Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged, несокращенный однотомный американский словарь английского языка, опять таки, пожалуй лучший в своем роде. в обоих словарях синонимические ряды даются скорее как бонус, объем материала в них пропорционален объему словаря.

[FPlay]

Объяснения, по сравнению со словарем, конечно по-короче

это разные по типу словари, их нет смысла сравнивать. один общий словарь, другой специальный

[VictorB]

Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged

FPlay, да есть такой. И с синонимическими рядами там гораздо лучше - сравните скриншоты.

FPlay, ну, Вы меня очень сильно обогатили за сутки, thanks a million :)

[VictorB]

repeal - revoke - rescind - annul - nullify

While these verbs relate to the idea of undoing or revoking something, there are subtle distinctions in their usage:
1. "Repeal": This verb refers to the official act of revoking or abolishing a law, rule, or regulation. It indicates the deliberate action of an authority to overturn or cancel a previous legal decision or enactment.

2. "Rescind": Similar to "repeal," this verb means to revoke or invalidate a law, order, contract, or decision. However, "rescind" is often used in contexts where a person or organization takes back or cancels their own previous decision or agreement. It implies an action performed by the same entity that initially made the decision.

3. "Annul": This verb is used when something is declared void, null, or invalid from its inception. It implies that the original action or agreement is deemed to have never existed or had legal effect. "Annul" is often used in the context of marriages or contracts being retroactively invalidated.

4. "Nullify": This verb means to make something legally null, void, or of no effect. It suggests rendering an action or decision legally meaningless, typically through a formal declaration or legal process. "Nullify" is broader in scope and can be applied to various legal or formal situations.

In summary, while these verbs have overlapping meanings, "repeal" and "rescind" focus on the cancellation of laws or decisions, with "rescind" often denoting self-cancellation. "Annul" emphasizes the retroactive invalidation of an action or agreement, while "nullify" implies a broad legal nullification without necessarily specifying retroactivity.
...
Some of the most frequent collocations:
1. "Repeal":
Laws: E.g., "The government repealed the controversial law."
Regulations: E.g., "The organization plans to repeal outdated regulations."
Statutes: E.g., "The new bill aims to repeal certain statutes."

2. "Revoke":
License: E.g., "The authorities decided to revoke his driver's license."
Permission: E.g., "They threatened to revoke the permission to use the venue."
Membership: E.g., "The committee voted to revoke his membership."

3. "Rescind":
Contract: E.g., "They had to rescind the contract due to unforeseen circumstances."
Decision: E.g., "The board decided to rescind their previous decision."
Agreement: E.g., "They mutually agreed to rescind the agreement."

4. "Annul":
Marriage: E.g., "The court granted a divorce and annulled the marriage."
Contract: E.g., "The legal team successfully argued to annul the contract."
Decision: E.g., "The judge ruled to annul the previous decision."

5. "Nullify":
Vote: E.g., "The invalid ballots can nullify the election results."
Agreement: E.g., "The breach of contract nullified the agreement."
Effect: E.g., "The unexpected circumstances nullified the intended effect."

[VictorB]

contrition - compunction - remorse - repentance - penitence

1. Contrition: It refers to deeply feeling sorry or regretful for one's wrongdoing. Think of it as a sincere and genuine sense of remorse accompanied by a desire to make amends.

2. Compunction: This term refers to a feeling of unease or guilt that arises from a sense of moral or ethical responsibility. It's like a nagging conscience, urging someone to reconsider their actions.

3. Remorse: It signifies a deep sense of regret or guilt for something one has done, often accompanied by compassion or empathy for those affected. It's a heartfelt acknowledgement of the consequences caused by one's actions.

4. Repentance: It goes further than remorse. Repentance involves not only feeling remorseful but also actively seeking forgiveness, making a deliberate effort to change one's behavior, and turning away from past mistakes. It encompasses a commitment to personal transformation.

5. Penitence: Similar to repentance, penitence also involves feeling remorse and seeking forgiveness. However, penitence often carries a stronger connotation of expressing remorse through acts of atonement or self-punishment, as a way to seek redemption or absolution. It's a desire to make things right through tangible actions.